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Chemistry and Chemical

  • 1 Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology

    University: OCCB

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology

  • 2 Chemical Coordinate Bonding and Adsorption

    Chemistry: CCBA

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > Chemical Coordinate Bonding and Adsorption

  • 3 Chemical and Petrochemical Industry

    1) Chemistry: CPY
    2) Polymers: CPI

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > Chemical and Petrochemical Industry

  • 4 (UN GHS - United Nations Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Chemical)

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > (UN GHS - United Nations Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Chemical)

  • 5 Household And Industrial Chemical

    Chemistry: HIC

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > Household And Industrial Chemical

  • 6 tecnología química

    Ex. This work is now divided into two sections the first covering biochemistry and organic chemistry, the second covering macromolecular materials, analytical chemistry, physical chemistry and chemical technology = Esta obra ahora se divide en dos secciones, la primera abarca la bioquímica y la química orgánica, la segunda los documentos macromoleculares, la química analítica, la físicoquímica y la tecnología química.
    * * *

    Ex: This work is now divided into two sections the first covering biochemistry and organic chemistry, the second covering macromolecular materials, analytical chemistry, physical chemistry and chemical technology = Esta obra ahora se divide en dos secciones, la primera abarca la bioquímica y la química orgánica, la segunda los documentos macromoleculares, la química analítica, la físicoquímica y la tecnología química.

    Spanish-English dictionary > tecnología química

  • 7 físicoquímica

    adj.&f.
    feminine of FISICOQUÍMICO.
    f.
    physical chemistry.
    * * *
    1 physical chemistry
    * * *
    Ex. This work is now divided into two sections the first covering biochemistry and organic chemistry, the second covering macromolecular materials, analytical chemistry, physical chemistry and chemical technology = Esta obra ahora se divide en dos secciones, la primera abarca la bioquímica y la química orgánica, la segunda los documentos macromoleculares, la química analítica, la físicoquímica y la tecnología química.
    * * *

    Ex: This work is now divided into two sections the first covering biochemistry and organic chemistry, the second covering macromolecular materials, analytical chemistry, physical chemistry and chemical technology = Esta obra ahora se divide en dos secciones, la primera abarca la bioquímica y la química orgánica, la segunda los documentos macromoleculares, la química analítica, la físicoquímica y la tecnología química.

    * * *
    physical chemistry
    * * *
    physical chemistry

    Spanish-English dictionary > físicoquímica

  • 8 química analítica

    f.
    analytical chemistry.
    * * *
    Ex. This work is now divided into two sections the first covering biochemistry and organic chemistry, the second covering macromolecular materials, analytical chemistry, physical chemistry and chemical technology = Esta obra ahora se divide en dos secciones, la primera abarca la bioquímica y la química orgánica, la segunda los documentos macromoleculares, la química analítica, la físicoquímica y la tecnología química.
    * * *

    Ex: This work is now divided into two sections the first covering biochemistry and organic chemistry, the second covering macromolecular materials, analytical chemistry, physical chemistry and chemical technology = Esta obra ahora se divide en dos secciones, la primera abarca la bioquímica y la química orgánica, la segunda los documentos macromoleculares, la química analítica, la físicoquímica y la tecnología química.

    Spanish-English dictionary > química analítica

  • 9 bioquímica

    f.
    biochemistry, biochemics.
    * * *
    1 biochemistry
    * * *
    * * *
    femenino biochemistry
    * * *
    Ex. This work is now divided into two sections the first covering biochemistry and organic chemistry, the second covering macromolecular materials, analytical chemistry, physical chemistry and chemical technology = Esta obra ahora se divide en dos secciones, la primera abarca la bioquímica y la química orgánica, la segunda los documentos macromoleculares, la química analítica, la físicoquímica y la tecnología química.
    ----
    * arma bioquímica = bioweapon.
    * * *
    femenino biochemistry
    * * *

    Ex: This work is now divided into two sections the first covering biochemistry and organic chemistry, the second covering macromolecular materials, analytical chemistry, physical chemistry and chemical technology = Esta obra ahora se divide en dos secciones, la primera abarca la bioquímica y la química orgánica, la segunda los documentos macromoleculares, la química analítica, la físicoquímica y la tecnología química.

    * arma bioquímica = bioweapon.

    * * *
    biochemistry
    * * *

    bioquímica sustantivo femenino
    biochemistry
    bioquímico,-a
    I adjetivo biochemical
    II sustantivo masculino y femenino biochemist
    bioquímica sustantivo femenino biochemistry
    ' bioquímica' also found in these entries:
    English:
    biochemistry
    * * *
    [ciencia] biochemistry
    * * *
    f biochemistry
    I adj biochemical
    II m, bioquímica f biochemist
    * * *
    : biochemistry

    Spanish-English dictionary > bioquímica

  • 10 macromolecular

    * * *
    Ex. This work is now divided into two sections the first covering biochemistry and organic chemistry, the second covering macromolecular materials, analytical chemistry, physical chemistry and chemical technology = Esta obra ahora se divide en dos secciones, la primera abarca la bioquímica y la química orgánica, la segunda los documentos macromoleculares, la química analítica, la físicoquímica y la tecnología química.
    * * *

    Ex: This work is now divided into two sections the first covering biochemistry and organic chemistry, the second covering macromolecular materials, analytical chemistry, physical chemistry and chemical technology = Esta obra ahora se divide en dos secciones, la primera abarca la bioquímica y la química orgánica, la segunda los documentos macromoleculares, la química analítica, la físicoquímica y la tecnología química.

    Spanish-English dictionary > macromolecular

  • 11 отрасль

    •

    They work in different segments (or branches) of the aviation industry.

    •

    This procedure is essential to every area (or branch, or domain) of chemistry and chemical engineering.

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > отрасль

  • 12 Cotchett, Thomas

    SUBJECT AREA: Textiles
    [br]
    fl. 1700s
    [br]
    English engineer who set up the first water-powered textile mill in Britain at Derby.
    [br]
    At the beginning of the eighteenth century, silk weaving was one of the most prosperous trades in Britain, but it depended upon raw silk worked up on hand twisting or throwing machines. In 1702 Thomas Cotchett set up a mill for twisting silk by water-power at the northern end of an island in the river Derwent at Derby; this would probably have been to produce organzine, the hard twisted thread used for the warp when weaving silk fabrics. Such mills had been established in Italy beginning with the earliest in Bologna in 1272, but it would appear that Cotchett used Dutch silk-throwing machinery that was driven by a water wheel that was 13½ ft (4.1 m) in diameter and built by the local engineer, George Sorocold. The enterprise soon failed, but it was quickly revived and extended by Thomas and John Lombe with machinery based on that being used successfully in Italy.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    D.M.Smith, 1965, Industrial Archaeology of the East Midlands, Newton Abbot (provides an account of Cotchett's mill).
    W.H.Chaloner, 1963, "Sir Thomas Lombe (1685–1739) and the British silk industry", History Today (Nov.).
    R.L.Hills, 1970, Power in the Industrial Revolution, Manchester (a brief coverage of the development of early silk throwing mills).
    Technology, Part 9, Textile Technology: spinning and reeling, Cambridge (covers the diffusion of the techniques of the mechanization of the silk-throwing industry from China to the West).
    RLH

    Biographical history of technology > Cotchett, Thomas

  • 13 Государственный научно-исследовательский институт органической химии и технологии, Москва

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > Государственный научно-исследовательский институт органической химии и технологии, Москва

  • 14 Реестр химикатов и химических веществ Филиппинских островов

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > Реестр химикатов и химических веществ Филиппинских островов

  • 15 физико-химические показатели

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > физико-химические показатели

  • 16 Haber, Fritz

    SUBJECT AREA: Chemical technology
    [br]
    b. 9 December 1868 Breslau, Germany (now Wroclaw, Poland)
    d. 29 January 1934 Basel, Switzerland
    [br]
    German chemist, inventor of the process for the synthesis of ammonia.
    [br]
    Haber's father was a manufacturer of dyestuffs, so he studied organic chemistry at Berlin and Heidelberg universities to equip him to enter his father's firm. But his interest turned to physical chemistry and remained there throughout his life. He became Assistant at the Technische Hochschule in Karlsruhe in 1894; his first work there was on pyrolysis and electrochemistry, and he published his Grundrisse der technischen Electrochemie in 1898. Haber became famous for thorough and illuminating theoretical studies in areas of growing practical importance. He rose through the academic ranks and was appointed a full professor in 1906. In 1912 he was also appointed Director of the Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry at Dahlem, outside Berlin.
    Early in the twentieth century Haber invented a process for the synthesis of ammonia. The English chemist and physicist Sir William Crookes (1832–1919) had warned of the danger of mass hunger because the deposits of Chilean nitrate were becoming exhausted and nitrogenous fertilizers would not suffice for the world's growing population. A solution lay in the use of the nitrogen in the air, and the efforts of chemists centred on ways of converting it to usable nitrate. Haber was aware of contemporary work on the fixation of nitrogen by the cyanamide and arc processes, but in 1904 he turned to the study of ammonia formation from its elements, nitrogen and hydrogen. During 1907–9 Haber found that the yield of ammonia reached an industrially viable level if the reaction took place under a pressure of 150–200 atmospheres and a temperature of 600°C (1,112° F) in the presence of a suitable catalyst—first osmium, later uranium. He devised an apparatus in which a mixture of the gases was pumped through a converter, in which the ammonia formed was withdrawn while the unchanged gases were recirculated. By 1913, Haber's collaborator, Carl Bosch had succeeded in raising this laboratory process to the industrial scale. It was the first successful high-pressure industrial chemical process, and solved the nitrogen problem. The outbreak of the First World War directed the work of the institute in Dahlem to military purposes, and Haber was placed in charge of chemical warfare. In this capacity, he developed poisonous gases as well as the means of defence against them, such as gas masks. The synthetic-ammonia process was diverted to produce nitric acid for explosives. The great benefits and achievement of the Haber-Bosch process were recognized by the award in 1919 of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, but on account of Haber's association with chemical warfare, British, French and American scientists denounced the award; this only added to the sense of bitterness he already felt at his country's defeat in the war. He concentrated on the theoretical studies for which he was renowned, in particular on pyrolysis and autoxidation, and both the Karlsruhe and the Dahlem laboratories became international centres for discussion and research in physical chemistry.
    With the Nazi takeover in 1933, Haber found that, as a Jew, he was relegated to second-class status. He did not see why he should appoint staff on account of their grandmothers instead of their ability, so he resigned his posts and went into exile. For some months he accepted hospitality in Cambridge, but he was on his way to a new post in what is now Israel when he died suddenly in Basel, Switzerland.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1898, Grundrisse der technischen Electrochemie.
    1927, Aus Leben und Beruf.
    Further Reading
    J.E.Coates, 1939, "The Haber Memorial Lecture", Journal of the Chemical Society: 1,642–72.
    M.Goran, 1967, The Story of Fritz Haber, Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press (includes a complete list of Haber's works).
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Haber, Fritz

  • 17 Mansfield, Charles Blachford

    SUBJECT AREA: Chemical technology
    [br]
    b. 8 May 1819 Rowner, Hampshire, England
    d. 26 February 1855 London, England
    [br]
    English chemist, founder of coal-tar chemistry.
    [br]
    Mansfield, the son of a country clergyman, was educated privately at first, then at Winchester College and at Cambridge; ill health, which dogged his early years, delayed his graduation until 1846. He was first inclined to medicine, but after settling in London, chemistry seemed to him to offer the true basis of the grand scheme of knowledge he aimed to establish. After completing the chemistry course at the Royal College of Chemistry in London, he followed the suggestion of its first director, A.W.von Hofmann, of investigating the chemistry of coal tar. This work led to a result of great importance for industry by demonstrating the valuable substances that could be extracted from coal tar. Mansfield obtained pure benzene, and toluene by a process for which he was granted a patent in 1848 and published in the Chemical Society's journal the same year The following year he published a pamphlet on the applications of benzene.
    Blessed with a private income, Mansfield had no need to support himself by following a regular profession. He was therefore able to spread his brilliant talents in several directions instead of confining them to a single interest. During the period of unrest in 1848, he engaged in social work with a particular concern to improve sanitation. In 1850, a description of a balloon machine in Paris led him to study aeronautics for a while, which bore fruit in an influential book, Aerial Navigation (London, 1851). He then visited Paraguay, making a characteristically thorough and illuminating study of conditions there. Upon his return to London in 1853, Mansfield resumed his chemical studies, especially on salts. He published his results in 1855 as Theory of Salts, his most important contribution to chemical theory.
    Mansfield was in the process of preparing specimens of benzene for the Paris Exhibition of 1855 when a naphtha still overflowed and caught fire. In carrying it to a place of safety, Mansfield sustained injuries which unfortunately proved fatal.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1851, Aerial Navigation, London. 1855, Theory of Salts, London.
    Further Reading
    E.R.Ward, 1969, "Charles Blachford Mansfield, 1819–1855, coal tar chemist and social reformer", Chemistry and Industry 66:1,530–7 (offers a good and well-documented account of his life and achievements).
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Mansfield, Charles Blachford

  • 18 Perkin, Sir William Henry

    [br]
    b. 12 March 1838 London, England
    d. 14 July 1907 Sudbury, England
    [br]
    English chemist, discoverer of aniline dyes, the first synthetic dyestuffs.
    [br]
    He early showed an aptitude for chemistry and in 1853 entered the Royal College of Chemistry as a student under A.W.von Hofmann, the first Professor at the College. By the end of his first year, he had carried out his first piece of chemical research, on the action of cyanogen chloride on phenylamine, which he published in the Journal of the Chemical Society (1857). He became honorary assistant to von Hofmann in 1857; three years previously he had set up his own chemical laboratory at home, where he had discovered the first of the azo dyes, aminoazonapththalene. In 1856 Perkin began work on the synthesis of quinine by oxidizing a salt of allyl toluidine with potassium dichromate. Substituting aniline, he obtained a dark-coloured precipitate which proved to possess dyeing properties: Perkin had discovered the first aniline dye. Upon receiving favourable reports on the new material from manufacturers of dyestuffs, especially Pullars of Perth, Perkin resigned from the College and turned to the commercial exploitation of his discovery. This proved highly successful. From 1858, the dye was manufactured at his Greenford Green works as "Aniline Purple" or "Tyrian Purple". It was later to be referred to by the French as mauve. Perkin's discovery led to the development of the modern dyestuffs industry, supplanting dyes from the traditional vegetable sources. In 1869, he introduced two new methods for making the red dye alizarin, in place of the process that involved the use of the madder plant (Rubia tinctorum). In spite of German competition, he dominated the British market until the end of 1873. After eighteen years in chemical industry, Perkin retired and devoted himself entirely to the pure chemical research which he had been pursuing since the 1850s. He eventually contributed ninety papers to the Chemical Society and further papers to other bodies, including the Royal Society. For example, in 1867 he published his synthesis of unsaturated organic acids, known as "Perkin's synthesis". Other papers followed, on the structure of "Aniline Purple". In 1881 Perkin drew attention to the magnetic-rotatory power of some of the substances he had been dealing with. From then on, he devoted particular attention to the application of this phenomenon to the determination of chemical structure.
    Perkin won wide recognition for his discoveries and other contributions to chemistry.
    The half-centenary of his great discovery was celebrated in July 1906 and later that year he received a knighthood.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Knighted 1906. FRS 1866. President, Chemical Society 1883–5. President, Society of Chemical Industry 1884–5. Royal Society Royal Medal 1879; Davy Medal 1889.
    Bibliography
    26 August 1856, British patent no. 1984 (Aniline Purple).
    1867, "The action of acetic anhydride upon the hydrides of salicyl, etc.", Journal of the Chemical Society 20:586 (the first description of Perkin's synthesis).
    Further Reading
    S.M.Edelstein, 1961, biography in Great Chemists, ed. E.Farber, New York: Interscience, pp. 757–72 (a reliable, short account).
    R.Meldola, 1908, Journal of the Chemical Society 93:2,214–57 (the most detailed account).
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Perkin, Sir William Henry

  • 19 Bunsen, Robert Wilhelm

    SUBJECT AREA: Chemical technology
    [br]
    b. 31 March 1811 Göttingen, Germany
    d. 16 August 1899 Heidelberg, Germany
    [br]
    German chemist, pioneer of chemical spectroscopy.
    [br]
    Bunsen's father was Librarian and Professor of Linguistics at Göttingen University and Bunsen himself studied chemistry there. Obtaining his doctorate at the age of only 19, he travelled widely, meeting some of the leading chemists of the day and visiting many engineering works. On his return he held various academic posts, finally as Professor of Chemistry at Heidelberg in 1852, a post he held until his retirement in 1889.
    During 1837–41 Bunsen studied a series of compounds shown to contain the cacodyl (CH3)2As-group or radical. The elucidation of the structure of these compounds gave support to the radical theory in organic chemistry and earned him fame, but it also cost him the sight of an eye and other ill effects resulting from these dangerous and evil-smelling substances. With the chemist Gustav Robert Kirchhoff (1824–87), Bunsen pioneered the use of spectroscopy in chemical analysis from 1859, and with its aid he discovered the elements caesium and rubidium. He developed the Bunsen cell, a zinc-carbon primary cell, with which he isolated a number of alkali and other metals by electrodeposition from solution or electrolysis of fused chlorides.
    Bunsen's main work was in chemical analysis, in the course of which he devised some important laboratory equipment, such as a filter pump. The celebrated Bunsen gas burner was probably devised by his technician Peter Desdega. During 1838–44 Bunsen applied his methods of gas analysis to the study of the gases produced by blast furnaces for the production of cast iron. He demonstrated that no less than 80 per cent of the heat was lost during smelting, and that valuable gaseous by-products, such as ammonia, were also lost. Lyon Playfair in England was working along similar lines, and in 1848 the two men issued a paper, "On the gases evolved from iron furnaces", to draw attention to these drawbacks.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1904, Bunsen's collected papers were published in 3 vols, Leipzig.
    Further Reading
    G.Lockemann, 1949, Robert Wilhelm Bunsen: Lebensbild eines deutschen Forschers, Stuttgart.
    T.Curtin, 1961, biog. account, in E.Farber (ed.), Great Chemists, New York, pp. 575–81. Henry E.Roscoe, 1900, "Bunsen memorial lecture, 29th March 1900", Journal of the
    Chemical Society 77:511–54.
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Bunsen, Robert Wilhelm

  • 20 Carothers, Wallace Hume

    [br]
    b. 27 April 1896 Burlington, Iowa, USA
    d. 29 April 1937 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
    [br]
    American chemist, inventor of nylon.
    [br]
    After graduating in chemistry, Carothers embarked on academic research at several universities, finally at Harvard University. His earliest published papers, from 1923, heralded the brilliance and originality of his later work. In 1928, Du Pont de Nemours persuaded him to forsake the academic world to lead their new organic-chemistry group in a programme of fundamental research at their central laboratories at Wilmington, Delaware. The next nine years were extraordinarily productive, yielding important contributions to theoretical organic chemistry and the foundation of two branches of chemical industry, namely the production of synthetic rubber and of wholly synthetic fibres.
    Carothers began work on high molecular weight substances yielding fibres and introduced polymerization by condensation: polymerization by addition was already known. He developed a clear understanding of the relation between the repeating structural units in a large molecule and its physical chemical properties. In 1931, Carothers found that chloroprene could be polymerized much faster than isoprene, the monomer in natural rubber. This process yielded polychloroprene or neoprene, a synthetic rubber with improved properties. Manufacture began the following year, and the material has continued to be used for speciality rubbers.
    There followed many publications announcing new condensations polymers. On 2 January 1935, he obtained a patent for the formation of new polyamides, including one from adipic acid and hexamethylenediamene. After four years of development work, which cost Du Pont some $27 million, this new polyamide, or nylon, reached the stage of commercial production, beginning on 23 October 1938. Nylon stockings appeared the following year and 64 million were sold during the first twelve months. However, Carothers saw none of this spectacular success: he had died by his own hand in 1937, after a long history of gradually intensifying depression.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Elected to the National Academy of Science 1936 (he was the first industrial organic chemist to be so honoured).
    Bibliography
    H.M.Whitby and G.S.Whitby, 1940, Collected Papers of Wallace H.Carothers on Polymerisation, New York.
    Further Reading
    R.Adams, 1939, memoir, Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences 20:293–309 (includes a complete list of Carothers's sixty-two scientific papers and most of his sixty-nine US patents).
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Carothers, Wallace Hume

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